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Uma Roy

Finally got a chance over the weekend to write some thoughts on this post by Vitalik. TL;DR As Ethereum goes institutional and focuses on L1 asset issuance as its unique value prop, fast finality for L2s powered by ZK is going to become critical. Without fast-finality between the L1 and all of its L2s, Ethereum risks losing its place as the “asset issuer standard”. The threats are already materializing. Third-party bridging systems like USDC CCTP, USDT0, etc are aggressively expanding. If assets on Ethereum L2s feel disconnected from the L1 due to slow finality, issuers will simply choose simpler, faster alternatives. Vitalik’s vision here really cements why proving infrastructure will become the backbone of Ethereum’s next phase of scaling. Billions of proofs are going to be generated and consumed daily across the entire Ethereum ecosystem. The thesis for PROVE is crystal clear.

Amazing to see so many major L2s now at stage 1. The next goal we should shoot for is, in my view, fast (<1h) withdrawal times, enabled by validity (aka ZK) proof systems. I consider this even more important than stage 2. Fast withdrawal times are important because waiting a week to withdraw is simply far too long for people, and even for intent-based bridging (eg. ERC-7683), the cost of capital becomes too high if the liquidity provider has to wait a week. This creates large incentives to instead use solutions with unacceptable trust assumptions (eg. multisigs/MPC) that undermine the whole point of having L2s instead of fully independent L1s. If we can reduce native withdrawal times to under 1h short term, and 12s medium term, then we can further cement the Ethereum L1 as the default place to issue assets, and the economic center of the Ethereum ecosystem. To do this, we need to move away from optimistic proof systems, which inherently require waiting multiple days to withdraw. Historically, ZK proof tech has been immature and expensive, which made optimistic proofs the smart and safe choice. But recently, this is changing rapidly. is an excellent place to track the progress of ZK-EVM proofs, which have been improving rapidly. Formal verification on ZK proofs is also advancing. Earlier this year, I proposed a 2-of-3 ZK + OP + TEE proof system strategy that threads the needle between security, speed and maturity: * 2 of 3 systems (ZK, OP) are trustless, so no single actor (incl TEE manufacturer or side channel attacker) can break the proof system by violating a trust assumption * 2 of 3 systems (ZK, TEE) are instant, so you get fast withdrawals in the normal case * 2 of 3 systems (TEE, OP) have been in production in various contexts for years This is one approach; perhaps people will opt to instead do ZK + ZK + OP tiebreak, or ZK + ZK + security council tiebreak. I have no strong opinions here, I care about the underlying goal, which is to be fast (in the normal case) and secure. With such proof systems, the only remaining bottleneck to fast settlement becomes the gas cost of submitting proofs onchain. This is why short term I say once per hour: if you try to submit a 500k+ gas ZK proof (or a 5m gas STARK) much more often, it adds a high additional cost. In the longer term, we can solve this with aggregation: N proofs from N rollups (plus txs from privacy-protocol users) can be replaced by a single proof that proves the validity of the N proofs. This becomes economical to submit once per slot, enabling the endgame: near-instant native cross-L2 asset movement through the L1. Let's work together to make this happen.

It’s crazy to see this day finally here. The past 3 years since starting Succinct have been a wild journey with so much blood, sweat and tears—but I wouldn’t trade it for anything. No one thought ZK could be easy—I remember a year into building Succinct, John & I went to our investors and told them we wanted to build a zkVM. We knew ZK had tremendous potential, but the state of ZK development was broken. Building anything required a cryptography PhD and insane pain. They laughed and asked if it was possible for our team (with 0 formal cryptography training) to build something that technically difficult. Even if we could, they thought it would take at least 2 years. Honestly, we weren’t even sure we could build it. But after many months of 9-9-6, when we launched SP1 as the fastest zkVM, we proved everyone wrong. No one thought ZK would have adoption—Once we had SP1, it was obvious that this was a step-function change in ZK technology. Finally, you could just write programs in Rust, stick it in SP1 and prove anything. But, then people started asking: who will actually use this magical tech? Do rollups even want to use ZK? What’s ZK’s use-case beyond just zkEVMs? After 35+ customers and $4B in TVL secured across many applications like rollups, exchanges and more, Ethereum L1 going all-in zkVMs with real-time proving, it’s clear ZK has real utility and adoption. We proved them wrong. No one thought ZK could be fun—In crypto, having Real Tech TM isn’t always the full story. For so long ZK has been academic and hard to understand for a broader audience. Our testnet was the first time I saw broader CT find ZK fun. And our community has been creative beyond belief—with talented artists, 3d animators, web devs, writers and more. We proved them wrong. The proving economy is going to 100x from here. With the launch of our prover network mainnet, we finally have the ingredients to make ZK adoption go 100x. SP1 makes ZK easy to use. The prover network makes it cheap, fast, and ready for global-scale use. One day the Succinct Prover Network will prove every transaction that is onchain, and power ZK applications beyond just blockchains. Shout-out to the incredible Succinct team who has tirelessly worked since the beginning. It’s been the journey of a lifetime to work alongside everyone, continuously break the meta, and one-up everyone’s expectations in achieving the impossible 💗 From the past 3 years, I know our team can accomplish anything we set our minds to. It’s just the beginning and we have so much left to PROVE. Onwards.

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